![]() The Chola dynasty conquered southern India in the 11th century. Southern India saw the rise of multiple imperial powers from the middle of the fifth century. The most significant event between the 7th and 11th century was the Tripartite struggle centred on Kannauj. Aspects of Indian civilisation, administration, culture, and religion spread to much of Asia, which led to the establishment of Indianised kingdoms in the region, forming Greater India. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the Classical or Golden Age of India. Various parts of India were ruled by numerous dynasties, including the Gupta Empire, in the 4th to 6th centuries CE. Shunga would go on to form the Shunga Empire in the north and northeast of the subcontinent, while the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom would claim the northwest and found the Indo-Greek Kingdom. The Maurya Empire would collapse in 185 BCE, on the assassination of the then-emperor Brihadratha by his general Pushyamitra Shunga. Indian cultural influence ( Greater India) Timeline of Indian historyĬhandragupta Maurya overthrew the Nanda Empire and established the first great empire in ancient India, the Maurya Empire. The latter was synthesised with the preexisting religious cultures of the subcontinent, giving rise to Hinduism. ![]() A second urbanisation took place, which came with the rise of new ascetic movements and religious concepts, including the rise of Jainism and Buddhism. Around 600 BCE, a new, interregional culture arose then, small chieftaincies ( janapadas) were consolidated into larger states ( mahajanapadas). The pastoral and nomadic Indo-Aryans spread from the Punjab into the Gangetic plain. The social structure was stratified via the varna system, which persists till this day. The Vedic Period (1500–500 BCE) was marked by the composition of their large collections of hymns ( Vedas). Indo-Aryan tribes moved into the Punjab from Central Asia in several waves of migration. Early in the second millennium BCE, persistent drought caused the population of the Indus Valley to scatter from large urban centres to villages. ![]() ![]() Sedentariness began in South Asia around 7000 BCE by 4500 BCE, settled life had increasingly spread, and gradually evolved into the Indus Valley civilisation, which flourished between 2500 BCE and 1900 BCE in present-day Pakistan and north-western India. The earliest known human remains in South Asia date to 30,000 years ago. Indus Valley civilisation, mature phase (2600–1900 BCE)Īnatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago. ![]()
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